In this book, surfactants polymer system is studied to know the applications and differences of dynamic surface tension with that of the static surface tension. Dynamic surface tension provides an opportunity to study the surfactants and surfactant polymer system in the very quick way. Graphical and quantitave description of the system is done by the dynamic surface tension. Food and thick materials can be classified on the component concentrations basis. The presented technique may find applications in the characterization of surfactants, polymeric solutions, suspensions and waste water.

Performance of Drip irrigation has been recognized throughout the world especially in terms of water saving. Even though a lot work has been done but still, a lot need to be done, under changing field environment. Present study aims at saving water with minimum adverse effects on the crop yield using Trickle Irrigation for different field crops with special reference to Energy Cost and Economic Return in irrigated environment and the results are presented in this book. This book certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists, students and farm mangers and helps planning research studies. The authors appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Knowledge of flow resistance for different flow conditions helps for better understanding of water resources problems, such as flood routing, channel enhancement, backwater curve computation, and scouring.In studies of flow with suspended sediment two issues often raised are the effect of suspended sediment on velocity distribution and flow resistance. The material going into suspension changes the flow and fluid characteristics and, as such, influence on the resistance to flow. So it is needed to check the effect of suspended sediments on flow depth for exact design of channel. Accurate flow resistance values may improve the channel design and help in deciding depths of the channels. At the end of this book, a list of references has been given that would helps the readers for further reading.Final results are presented in this book and recommendations were drawn for researchers and planners. The authors appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Pakistan lies in arid to semi arid zone and annual rainfalls vary from 5 to 14 inches in plains and above 20 inches in the northern areas. Overall about 9 MAF net rainfall's volume is estimated to reach the irrigation system annually. The rainfall zones, where runoff data is not available, estimation of runoff from rainfall is a difficult job.Mathematical models for estimating runoff from rainfall data are in use by hydrologists. Small catchments where hydrological data is not available and also for ungauged catchments, its difficult to apply such models. For ungauged catchments, estimation of runoff Strange table was applied in present study as its has frequent used by different agencies in Pakistan for estimating runoff volume from rainfall data for ungauged small catchments during feasibility stage of the projects. Results of the study are presented in this technical book.The authors appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Nara Canal is a perennial irrigation canal having six falls but two falls on the canal at RD 26 and RD 139 are found to be favourable for hydropower development. A number of layouts plan has been studied by collecting discharge data for the years 1995 to 2005 and flow duration curves were prepared to ascertain the availability of flows. For design discharge of the studied layouts, flow of 311 m3/s and 307 m3/s for Layout-A and Layout-B respectively which were available 30% time of the year were selected. Power potential and Energy output were evaluated for both layouts in comparying and finalization of layout scheme. The maximum power output for Layout-A and Layout-B was 5.5 MW and 8.11 MW respectively.The mean annual energy output expected for Layout-A and Layout-B was 35.5 GWh and 57.17 GWh respectively. Detailed results are presented in this technical book. The authors appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Purpose of study was to quantify canal water distribution and its impact on income of the farmers in selected watercourse of 3-R distributary before and after the remodeling of outlets. The study was conducted on 3-R distributary of subsystem 6 in district Bahwalnagar of Punjab, Pakistan. Total 9 watercourses were selected of subsystem 6 of 3-R distributary. The subsystem 6 was divided into 3 reaches i.e. the Head, Middle and Tail reaches, and three watercourses were selected in every reach of field study. For every watercourse, Farmers interview at head, middle and tail ends was conducted and results are presented in this technical book. This book certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists, students and farm mangers on the impact of remodeling of outlets on local community and helps planning research studies for the survival of humanity. The author appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating during book finalization and highly acknowledge publishing of this book by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

The formation of the first supermassive black holes is one of the main open questions in our understanding of high-redshift structure formation. In this book, we aim to provide a summary of state-of-the-art modern research on this topic, exploring the formation of massive black holes from a fluid-dynamical, stellar-dynamical and chemical perspective. The book thus presents a solid theoretical foundation, a comparison with current observations and future observational perspectives with upcoming missions such as the Square Kilometre Array, the European Extremely Large Telescope, the Euclid satellite as well as possible detections via gravitational waves.